Access to M2M International Landfill Database

• Introduction
• Landfills as a Source of Energy
• Environmental Impacts of Landfill Operations
• Financial Implications of Setting Up a Landfill
• Landfills and Methane Capture -Indian Scenario
• Govt. Policies and Programmes Supporting Landfill Development in India
• Waste Management Profile-India
• Status of Landfills in India
• Survey on Scope of Privatization of Solid Waste Management in India by FICCI
  
• Case Study
• Link to M2M website - Landfills

INTRODUCTION

A landfill, also known as a dump or a tip, is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial. Historically, landfills have been one of the most common methods of waste management, and remain so in many places around the world.

Landfills may include internal waste disposal sites (where a producer of waste carries out their own waste disposal at the place of production) as well as sites used by many producers. Many landfills are also used for other Waste Management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or, in most cases, permanent disposal.

On the basis of waste type disposed in them landfills can be classified into:

• Hazardous waste landfill
• Sanitary landfil
• Inert waste landfill
• Dumps
• Bioreactor Landfill

Hazardous waste landfills: These are waste disposal units constructed to specific design criteria and which receive wastes meeting the local definition of hazardous waste. These landfills are generally constructed to be secure repositories for material that present a serious hazard to human health, such as highly radioactive waste or corrosive industrial waste. They are restricted, by permit or law, to the types of waste that they may handle (chemical vs. radioactive, liquid vs. dry).

Sanitary landfills: These are also called modern, engineered or secure landfills; these usually have physical barriers such as liners and leachate collection systems, and procedures to protect the public from exposure to the disposed wastes. The term sanitary landfill normally refers to those where wastes high in organic content, and especially municipal solid wastes, are disposed off.

Inert waste landfills: These refer to waste disposal units that receive wastes, which are chemically and physically stable and do not undergo decomposition, such as construction waste.

Dumps: Dumps are landfills that are not engineered with any of the special protective measures required by sanitary landfills.

Bioreactor Landfills: Bioreactor land filling is a process in which water is injected and in some cases air too, into a specially-designed landfill to cause accelerated decomposition. The intention for this type of landfill operation is to maximise generation of landfill gas (biogas) (which is captured using a network of perforated pipes and burnt to generate energy), as well as rapid stabilisation of organic waste material (in order to minimise the length of time required to manage the site, and/or to make use of the decomposed material as compost).

LANDFILLS AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

Landfilling is commonly being developed as a renewable source of energy through the systematic recovery and utilization of biogas generated during anaerobic decomposition of municipal solid wastes. In India there is good scope for the development of landfill gas technology as municipal solid waste contains a high proportion of degradable organic matter. In the developed countries landfill gas systems are established and a sizeable proportion of renewable energy is generated and utilized from landfills. India generates around 17 million tonnes of organic garbage that, if landfilled, can have a huge potential of methane recovery; there is therefore good scope for controlled Landfill gas generation, recovery and utilization.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF LANDFILL OPERATIONS

Several problems can occur from landfill operations. These impacts can vary from fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles), infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy vehicles), pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of groundwater and/or aquifers by leachate and residual soil contamination after landfill closure) and injuries to wildlife, to simple nuisance problems (e.g., dust, odour, vermin, or noise pollution).

FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF SETTING UP A LANDFILL

Following are the main costs involved in setting up a landfill:

Feasibility studies

• Construction cost
• Site after care
• Site investigations

Local authorities often levy a user fee/ charge for disposal of wastes, especially at industrial landfill sites. This not only aids in recovering some of the cost of operations, but also regulates the volume of waste disposed at the landfill, thus encouraging waste minimisation and recovery/ recycling methods.

LANDFILLS AND METHANE CAPTURE -INDIAN SCENARIO

As the third largest methane-emitting country in the world, India is working to develop clean energy sources that can yield substantial economic, environmental and health benefits for its citizens. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) are partnering with stakeholders from India 's solid waste industry, finance community, and national government to capture and reuse landfill methane gas under EPA's Methane to Markets Partnership.

Landfilling is commonly being developed as a renewable source of energy through the systematic recovery and utilization of biogas generated during anaerobic decomposition of municipal solid wastes. In India there is good scope for the development of landfill gas technology as municipal solid waste contains a high proportion of degradable organic matter. Biogas generation from various sources is also seen as a key renewable energy source in the National Energy Policy.

Methane emissions from the solid waste sector in India are projected to increase significantly over the next 15 years. Reusing landfill methane gas for energy purposes has the potential to mitigate 5.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents, which is equal to the annual emissions from one million vehicles. Currently, there are no operational landfill gas-to-energy projects in India but several large sites in Delhi , Mumbai and other cities could support the clean energy projects.

In India , the labour-oriented solid waste management systems concentrate more on the collection and transportation stages. Disposal is mostly limited to uncontrolled filling of low-lying areas. As the solid waste contains a good proportion of degradable organic matter, and there is a growing energy demand in every sector of the economy, there is good scope for controlled landfill gas generation, recovery and utilization.

GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES DIRECTLY/ INDIRECTLY SUPPORTING LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

a). Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 mandate the following for sanitary landfills:

Landfilling is restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing. Landfilling shall also be carried out for residues of waste processing facilities as well as pre-processing rejects from waste processing facilities. Landfilling of mixed waste shall be avoided unless the same is found unsuitable for waste processing. Under unavoidable circumstances or till installation of alternate facilities, landfilling shall be done following proper norms. Landfill sites shall meet the specifications (as given in Schedule –III of the Rules) pertaining to the following activities:

• Site Selection
• Facilities at the Site
• Specifications for Land filling
• Pollution Prevention
• Water Quality Monitoring
• Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
• Plantation at Landfill Site
• Closure of Landfill Site and Post-care
• Special provisions for hilly areas

b). Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM )

JNNURM was launched on 3 rd December 2005 with the combined effort of Ministries of Urban Development, Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation, Planning Commission, State Governments and Urban Local Bodies. The major emphasis of JNNURM is on the integrated development of Infrastructural Services in the Cities, Redevelopment of Walled Cities, Development of Heritage Areas, Preservation of Water Bodies and Fragile Areas.

About 63 cities have been identified under JNNURM for fast track and planned development with a major focus to improve urban infrastructure services. The main thrust of the sub mission on urban infrastructure and governance is on major infrastructural projects like solid waste management. Solid waste management has been taken as an admissible component under the sub mission on urban infrastructure and governance. Due to the paucity of resources and administrative constraints in taking all cities and towns under urban infrastructure improvement program, JNNURM has selected the cities and urban agglomerations as per 2001 census.

WASTE MANAGEMENT PROFILE-INDIA

There is tremendous potential from Municipal Solid Waste in India . The average generation of Municipal Solid Waste in India is approximately 1 lakh tonne per day from 4378 cities. Only 7% of the waste is treated which leaves an immense scope for conversion. 20% of this waste is Recyclable, about 35% is Compostable, and 35-40% is Inert. The 7% treated waste is used for generating Compost and Power.

About 0.1 million tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste is generated in India every day which is 36.5 million tonnes annually. Per capita Waste Generation in major Indian cities ranges from 0.2 Kg to 0.6 Kg. The urban local bodies spend approximately Rs.500 to Rs.1500 per tonne on Solid Waste for Collection, Transportation, Treatment and Disposal. About 60-70% of this amount is spent on collection, 20-30% on transportation and less than 5% on final disposal. It has been observed that the waste collection efficiency in Indian cities ranges from 50% to 90%. Out of the total municipal waste collected, on an average 94% is dumped on land and only 5% is composted.

Cities

Census of India defines all towns and cities as below:

Classification of town	Population
Class I town	1,00,000 and above
Class II town	50,000- 99,999
Class III town	20,000-49,999
Class IV town	10,000-19,999
Class V town	5,000- 9,999
Class VI town	Population below 5,000

Waste Generation Statistics

a) Quantum of Waste Generated in Million Plus Cities and Capital Cities

S.No	Name of the city	Population (as per census 2001)	Area (sq.kms)	Waste quantity (TPD)	Waste generation rate (kg/c/day)
1	Kavaratti	10119	4	3	0.30
2	Gangtok	29354	15	13	0.44
3	Itanagar	35022	22	12	0.34
4	Daman	35770	7	15	0.42
5	Silvassa	50463	17	16	0.32
6	Panjim	59066	69	32	0.54
7	Kohima	77030	30	13	0.17
8	Port blair	99984	18	76	0.76
9	Shillong	132867	10	45	0.34
10	Shimla	142555	20	39	0.27
11	Agartala	189998	63	77	0.40
12	Gandhinagar	195985	57	44	0.22
13	Dhanbad	199258	24	77	0.39
14	Pondicherry	220865	19	130	0.59
15	Imphal	221492	34	43	0.19
16	Aizawal	228280	117	57	0.25
17	Jammu	369959	102	215	0.58
18	Dehradun	426674	67	131	0.31
19	Asansol	475439	127	207	0.44
20	Kochi	595575	98	400	0.67
21	Raipur	605747	56	184	0.30
22	Bhubneshwar	648032	135	234	0.36
23	Tiruvanantapuram	744983	142	171	0.23
24	Chandigarh	808515	114	326	0.40
25	Guwahati	809895	218	166	0.20
26	Ranchi	847093	224	208	0.25
27	Vijaywada	851282	58	374	0.44
28	Srinagar	898440	341	428	0.48
29	Madurai	928868	52	275	0.30
30	Coimbatore	930882	107	530	0.57
31	Jabalpur	932484	134	216	0.23
32	Amritsar	966862	77	438	0.45
33	Rajkot	967476	105	207	0.21
34	Allahabad	975393	71	509	0.52
35	Vishakhapatnam	982904	110	584	0.59
36	Faridabad	1055938	216	448	0.42
37	Meerut	1068772	142	490	0.46
38	Nashik	1077236	269	200	0.19
39	Varanasi	1091918	80	425	0.39
40	Jamshedpur	1104713	64	338	0.31
41	Agra	1275135	140	654	0.51
42	Vadodara	1306227	240	357	0.27
43	Patna	1366444	107	511	0.37
44	Ludhiana	1398467	159	735	0.53
45	Bhopal	1437354	286	574	0.40
46	Indore	1474968	130	557	0.38
47	Nagpur	2052066	218	504	0.25
48	Lucknow	2185927	310	475	0.22
49	Jaipur	2322575	518	904	0.39
50	Surat	2433835	112	1000	0.41
51	Pune	2538473	244	1175	0.46
52	Kanpur	2551337	267	1100	0.43
53	Ahmedabad	3320085	191	1302	0.37
54	Hyderabad	3843585	169	2187	0.57
55	Bangalore	4301326	226	1669	0.39
56	Chennai	4343645	174	3036	0.62
57	Kolkatta	4572876	187	2653	0.58
58	Delhi	10306452	1483	5922	0.57
59	Greater Mumbai	11978450	437	5320	0.45
(Source: CPCB-NEERI Survey, 2004-2005)

b). Type of Waste Generated in Million Plus Cities and Capital Cities .

S.No	Name of the city	Compostables (%)	Recyclables (%)	C/N ratio	HCV (Kcal/kg)	Moisture (%)
1	Kavaratti	46.01	27.02	18.04	2242	25
2	Gangtok	46.52	16.48	25.61	1234	44
3	Itanagar	52.02	20.57	17.68	3414	50
4	Daman	29.60	22.02	22.34	2588	53
5	Silvassa	71.67	13.97	35.24	1281	42
6	Panjim	61.75	17.44	23.77	2211	47
7	Kohima	57.48	22.02	30.87	2844	65
8	Port blair	48.25	27.66	35.88	1474	63
9	Shillong	62.54	17.27	28.86	2736	63
10	Shimla	43.02	36.64	23.76	2572	60
11	Agartala	58.57	13.48	30.02	2427	60
12	Gandhinagar	34.30	13.20	36.05	698	24
13	Dhanbad	46.93	16.16	18.22	591	50
14	Pondicherry	49.96	24.29	36.86	1846	54
15	Imphal	60.00	18.51	22.34	3766	40
16	Aizawal	54.24	20.97	27.45	3766	43
17	Jammu	51.51	21.08	26.79	1782	40
18	Dehradun	51.37	19.58	25.90	2445	60
19	Asansol	50.33	14.21	14.08	1156	54
20	Kochi	57.34	19.36	18.22	591	50
21	Raipur	51.40	16.31	223.50	1273	29
22	Bhubneshwar	49.81	12.69	20.57	742	59
23	Tiruvanantapuram	72.96	14.36	35.19	2378	60
24	Chandigarh	57.18	10.91	20.52	1408	64
25	Guwahati	53.69	23.28	17.71	1519	61
26	Ranchi	51.49	9.86	20.23	1060	49
27	Vijaywada	59.43	17.40	33.90	1910	46
28	Srinagar	61.77	17.76	22.46	1264	61
29	Madurai	55.32	17.25	32.69	1813	46
30	Coimbatore	50.06	15.52	45.83	2381	54
31	Jabalpur	58.07	16.61	28.22	2051	35
32	Amritsar	65.02	13.94	30.69	1836	61
33	Rajkot	41.50	11.20	52.56	687	17
34	Allahabad	35.49	19.22	19.00	1180	18
35	Vishakhapatnam	45.96	24.20	41.70	1602	53
36	Faridabad	42.06	23.313	18.58	1319	34
37	Meerut	54.54	10.96	19.24	1089	32
38	Nashik	39.52	25.11	37.20	2762	62
39	Varanasi	45.18	17.23	19.40	804	44
40	Jamshedpur	43.36	15.69	19.69	1009	48
41	Agra	46.38	15.79	21.56	520	28
42	Vadodara	47.43	14.50	40.34	1781	25
43	Patna	51.96	12.57	18.62	819	36
44	Ludhiana	49.80	19.32	52.17	2559	65
45	Bhopal	52.44	22.33	21.59	1421	43
46	Indore	48.97	12.57	29.30	1437	31
47	Nagpur	47.41	15.53	26.37	2632	41
48	Lucknow	47.41	15.53	21.41	1557	60
49	Jaipur	45.50	12.10	43.29.	834	21
50	Surat	56.87	11.21	42.16	990	51
51	Pune	62.44	16.66	35.54	2531	63
52	Kanpur	47.52	11.93	27.64	1571	46
53	Ahmedabad	40.81	11.65	29.64	1180	32
54	Hyderabad	54.20	21.60	25.90	1969	46
55	Bangalore	51.84	22.43	35.12	2386	55
56	Chennai	41.34	16.34	29.25	2594	47
57	Kolkatta	50.56	11.48	31.81	1201	46
58	Delhi	54.42	54.42	34.87	1802	49
59	Greater Mumbai	62.44	16.66	39.04	1786	54
(Source: CPCB-NEERI Survey, 2004-2005)

c). Waste Generation Statistics in JNNURM Cities

Mega cities/UAs

S.NO	City	State	Waste Quantity (TPD)
1	Delhi	Delhi	5922
2	Greater Mumbai	Maharashtra	5320
3	Ahmedabad	Gujarat	1302
4	Bangalore	Karnataka	1669
5	Chennai	Tamil Nadu	3036
6	Kolkatta	West Bengal	2653
7	Hyderabad	Andhra Pradesh	2187

Million Plus Cities/UAs

S.NO	City	State	Waste Quantity (TPD)
1	Patna	Bihar	511
2	Faridabad	Haryana	448
3	Bhopal	Madhya Pradesh	574
4	Ludhiana	Punjab	735
5	Jaipur	Rajasthan	904
6	Lucknow	Uttar Pradesh	475
7	Madurai	Tamil Nadu	275
8	Nashik	Maharashtra	200
9	Pune	Maharashtra	1175
10	Cochin	Kerala	N.A
11	Varanasi	Uttar Pradesh	425
12	Agra	Uttar Pradesh	654
13	Amritsar	Punjab	438
14	Visakhapatnam	Andhra Pradesh	584
15	Vadodara	Gujarat	357
16	Surat	Gujarat	1000
17	Kanpur	Uttar Pradesh	1100
18	Nagpur	Maharashtra	504
19	Coimbatore	Tamil Nadu	530
20	Meerut	Uttar Pradesh	490
21	Jabalpur	Madhya Pradesh	216
22	Jamshedpur	Jharkhand	338
23	Asansol	West Bengal	207
24	Allahabad	Uttar Pradesh	509
25	Vijaywada	Andhra Pradesh	374
26	Rajkot	Gujarat	207
27	Dhanbad	Jharkhand	77
28	Indore	Madhya Pradesh	557

Cities with less than 1 Million Population

S.NO	City	State	Waste Quantity (TPD)
1	Guwahati	Assam	166
2	Itanagar	Arunachal pradesh	12
3	Jammu	Jammu & kashmir	215
4	Raipur	Chhattisgarh	184
5	Panaji	Goa	32
6	Shimla	Himachal Pradesh	39
7	Ranchi	Jharkhand	208
8	Thiruvananthapuram	Kerala	171
9	Imphal	Manipur	43
10	Shillong	Meghalaya	45
11	Aizawal	Mizoram	57
12	Kohima	Nagaland	13
13	Bhubaneshwar	Orissa	234
14	Gangtok	Sikkim	13
15	Agartala	Tripura	77
16	Dehradun	Uttaranchal	131
17	Bodh gaya	Bihar	N.A
18	Ujjain	Madhya Pradesh	N.A
19	Puri	Orissa	N.A
20	Ajmer-pushkar	Rajasthan	N.A
21	Nainital	Uttaranchal	N.A
22	Mysore	Karnataka	N.A
23	Pondicherry	Pondicherry	130
24	Chandigarh	Punjab & Haryana	326
25	Srinagar	Jammu & Kashmir	428
26	Mathura	Uttar Pradesh	N.A
27	Haridwar	Uttaranchal	N.A
28	Nanded	Maharashtra	N.A
(Source: CPCB-NEERI Survey, 2005-2006)

Survey on Scope of Privatization of Solid Waste Management in India by Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry

Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) conducted a survey on Solid Waste Management in February 2007 titled “Survey on Scope of Privatization of Solid Waste Management in India ”. The survey was targeted at the Municipal Corporations of 35 cities with a population more than 1 million as per census 2001, out of which only 25 cities have responded to the survey.

The survey presents the current picture of Municipal Solid Waste Management in major cities of the country, efficiency of waste management operations, extent of privatization of MSW operations in these cities with a view to define future scope of privatization in management of MSW.

STATUS OF LANDFILLS IN INDIA

Disposal of waste in India is still through open dumping. Initially few states like Maharashtra , Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Mizoram, West Bengal , Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat , Punjab , Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Goa , Pondicherry , Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka had taken initiative on identifying the sites and transferring them to the local bodies. Maharashtra , Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Gujarat have taken initiative in setting up engineered landfills. Regional landfill facilities are being developed in Gujarat and Karnataka.

The Government of Gujarat has used satellite maps to identify 44 potential landfills for 201 cites and towns. Similarly, states like Rajasthan and West Bengal have identified 71 and 29 potential landfill sites in their respective states.

Current Status of MSW Landfills in India

a). Status of Landfill Sites in Million Plus Cities and Capital Cities

S. No	Name of city	No. of landfill sites	Area of landfill (ha)	Life of landfill (Years)	New site proposed
1	Indore	1	59.50	-	No
2	Bhopal	1	-	-	No
3	Dhanbad	3	-	-	No
4	Jabalpur	1	60.70	-	Yes
5	Jamshedpur	2	4.10	-	No
6	Patna	-	-	-	Yes
7	Ranchi	1	15.00	-	No
8	Bhubaneshwar	4	-	-	Yes
9	Ahmedabad	1	84.00	30	Yes
10	Nashik	1	34.40	15	No
11	Raipur	1	14.60	-	Yes
12	Asansol	1	2.00	7	No
13	Banglore	2	40.70	-	No
14	Agartala	1	6.80	14	Yes
15	Agra	1	1.50	30	No
16	Allahabad	2	-	-	No
17	Daman	2	-	-	No
18	Faridabad	3	2.40	-	No
19	Lucknow	1	1.40	3	Yes
20	Meerut	2	14.20	-	No
21	Nagpur	1	-	-	No
22	Vadodara	1	8.10	-	Yes
23	Gandhinagar	-	-	-	Yes
24	Visakhapattnam	1	40.50	25	No
25	Dehradun	1	4.50	-	Yes
26	Ludhiana	1	40.40	-	No
27	Guwahati	1	13.20	-	No
28	Kohima	1	-	-	No
29	Amritsar	1	-	-	Yes
30	Imphal	1	-	-	No
31	Itanagar	1	-	-	No
32	Aizawal	1	-	-	No
33	Rajkot	2	1.20	-	Yes
34	Pune	1	-	-	No
35	Simla	1	0.60	-	No
36	Madurai	1	48.60	35	No
37	Jaipur	3	31.40	-	No
38	Kochi	1	-	-	No
39	Coimbatore	2	292.00	-	No
40	Vijayawada	-	-	-	No
41	Kavaratti	1	0.20	-	No
42	Chandigarh	1	18.00	-	No
43	Thiruvananthpuram	1	12.15	-	No
44	Panjim	1	1.20	30	No
45	Silvassa	1	-	-	No
46	Hyderabad	1	121.50	-	No
47	Gangtok	1	2.80	-	No
48	Varanasi	1	2.00	-	Yes
49	Kanpur	1	27.00	-	No
50	Port Blair	1	0.20	6	Yes
51	Pondicherry	-	-	-	Yes
52	Surat	1	200.00	-	No
53	Srinagar	1	30.40	-	No
54	Jammu	1	-	10	Yes
55	Greater Mumbai	3	140.00	-	No
56	Chennai	2	465.50	24/17	No
57	Kolkata	1	24.70	35	Yes
58	Shillong	1	-	-	No
59	Delhi	3	66.40	-	No
(Source: CPCB-NEERI Survey, 2004-2005)

b). Statewise Status of MSW Landfills: (Implementation Status of Schedule-III of MSW Rules ‘Waste Disposal')

S.No	States/UT
		Landfill installed	Initiatives taken/ Proposed	No. of Sites identified
1	Aruanchal Pradesh	-	Itanagar Naharlagun	2
2	Maharashtra	Navi Mumbai, Pune, Nasik	Jalna, Sonapath, Ambad, Navapur, Murud-Janjira, Pune, Nasik	223
3	Tripura	-	Agartala, Udapur, Balonia, Kailishahar	8
4	Mizoram	-	Aizwal	1
5	West Bengal	-	North Dum Dum, Panihati, New Barrackpore, Maheshtala, Siliguri, Kolkata, Bhadreshwar, Asansol, Durgapur , Ranigrum), Jamuria
6	Assam	-	-	-
7	Madhya Pradesh	-	Gwalior , Bhopal	330 sites identified Acquisition of site completed in 37 DPR prepared for Gwalior , Ujjain , Sheopur, Rewa, Khujaraho, Bhopal
8	Gujarat	Surat , Alang	12 municipalities in AUDA area	Sites identified for all local bodies
9	Punjab	-	Initiatives are to be taken	90 local bodies have sites for more than 5 years
10	Himachal Pradesh	-	Shimla	47
11	Chhattisgarh		Korba,Katghora, Choroda, Kamhari, Jamul, Balod, Dongargarh, Dalliraj-hara, Kobirdham, Amgagarh-Chouki Thakhamharia, Patan, Pandaria	66 (29 approved by DLC)
12	Nagaland	-	Kohima
13	Haryana	-	Faridabad , Hissar, Ambala, Sirsa
14	Daman , Diu & DNH	-	Yet to be planned
15	Bihar	-	Patna , Muzaffarpur	24
16	Meghalaya	-	Shillong
17	Chandigarh	-	For closing 25 acres and New development in 8 Acres	-
18	Rajasthan	-	Proposed in 14 towns	Sites identified for majority of towns (152)
19	Goa		Panjim, Ponda	2
20	Pondicherry	-	Proposed DPR for Pondicherry under preparation	1
21	Andhra Pradesh	-	Suryapat, Vizianagaram cluster of municipality in HUDA
22	Orissa			Sites identified 51
23	Andaman	-	Proposed at Brookshabad	1
24	Karnataka	Karwar, Puttur	Bangalore , Mangolore, Ankola, Dandeli	Sirsi, Bhatkal, Shimoga
25	Tamil Nadu	-	In cities like Chennai, Coimbatore , Madurai	Sites identified by many ULBs
26	Jammu & Kashmir	-	-	-
27	Uttar Pradesh	-	-	-
(Source: CPCB-NEERI Survey, 2004-2005)

Current potential of landfill gas to energy projects in India :

•  The country generates around 17 million tonnes of organic garbage that, if land filled, can have a huge potential of methane recovery.
• In India , the waste is being dumped in open dump yards instead of engineered landfills. 42 million tones of waste are dumped every year. Daily waste volumes dumped range from 8,000 tones in cities like Mumbai to about 2 tonnes in small towns.

(Excerpts from the Landfill gas to energy Workshop held in March 2006 at federation of Indian chambers of commerce and industry)

CASE STUDY

GORAI LANDFILL, MUMBAI

The Gorai landfill project is a part of overall waste management scheme. This scheme envisages conversion of about 80 hectares of land including the dumping ground at Gorai and small portions of land in Mulund and Deonar dumping grounds into green areas for the residents of the city. The overall waste management strategy for treatment and disposal will focus on environment friendly technologies including composting and biomethanization. Total area under Gorai site is 19 hectares. This site is basically used for open dumping since 1972; therefore it has led to environmental damage in the areas adjoining the dumping site. The project aims to recover landfill gas at the site in order to reduce methane emissions. This will significantly help to reduce the uncontrolled greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.

This is the first project of landfill gas to energy conversion in operation in India . TCE Consulting Engineers Ltd – along with their US partner, URS, is developing this landfill project in Maharashtra under the M2M partnership. The landfill is estimated to accommodate a total of around 6 million tonnes of waste. The expected methane recovery would range from 1840 m 3 / hr. to 710m3/hr from year 2008 to 2027 respectively. The expected project cost is in the range of Rs.25-30 Crores ($ 5-6 million); assuming saving due to grid power purchase and considering present tariff of Rs.2.80/kwh and 10% cost escalation per year, the payback period is about 2 years.

The project has potential to reduce 415 million m3 of methane emission to atmosphere during 20 years of plant operation.

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